PATOLOGIA E MICROBIOLOGIA

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

IGD12A5

Academic Year of enrolment:

2018

Year of supply:

2018/2019

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in DENTAL HYGIENE

Moduls:

GENERAL PATHOLOGY - 2 credits
PATOLOGIA CLINICA - 1 credits
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - 2 credits
MICROBIOLOGIA - 1 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Second semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

Knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, biochemistry, histology, physiology, and those listed in the didactics regulation.

Objectives

Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology:
At the end of this course students should:
- be able to describe the structure and function of microorganisms; host-microorganism interaction.
- be able to describe the mechanisms of infectious disease transmission and pathogenicity;
- be able to describe in detail those classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common oral diseases.

General Pathology
Provide the student the methodological tools and notions useful for understanding how and for what causes the organs and tissues of the body get sick and can cause signs and symptoms in the patient; the concepts of pathology addressed will be in particular applied to the tissues of the oral cavity and to the main diseases of the oral mucosa, in order to make the student able to identify the signs and symptoms of the disease based on the macroscopic alterations observed in the oral cavity and disorders referred by the patient.
At the end of the course, the student will be able to know and understand the main inflammatory and degenerative pathological processes of the oral cavity; the main factors affecting general human health and the oral cavity.
The main strategies of prevention and control infectious and non- infectious diseases.
At the end of the course, the student will be able to apply the acquired knowledge to the study of other oral health problems and he will have acquired the ability to communicate and share in a clear and concise manner, with both specialists and non-specialists, information and suggestions regarding specific problems of hygiene-dental interest.

Clinical Pathology
At the end of this course students should:
a) be able to acquire the basic elements in the clinical diagnostics of the main diseases;
b) be able to acquire the elements that enable to prepare diagnostic frameworks; through the study of bio-cellular and biochemical parameters of the organism;
c) be able to acquire the principles of molecular investigation applied to predictive medicine in
main degenerative syndormes and tumors.

Contents

Microbiology:
The course covers basic principles of general microbiology. Topics include bacterial, viral, and fungal structure, as well as growth, physiology, genetics and biochemistry of microorganisms. The subject also describes the complexity of the resident oral microbiota, and the mouth as a microbial habitat.

Clinical Microbiology:
The subject covers mechanisms of infectious disease transmission and pathogenicity. The course provides the conceptual basis for understanding pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, and the mechanisms by which they cause disease in the human body. In particular, classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common oral diseases will be discussed in detail.

General Pathology:
Concept of health, homeostasis, disease and pathogenesis.
Cellular adaptation.
Inflammation.
Immunology and Immunopathology.
Oncology.

Clinical Pathology:
The Course intends to clarify the different elements that contribute to study the physiology and pathophysiology of organs and tissues with reference to biocellular and biochemical parameters that measure the main pathological conditions. The subject provides indications on the application of disease prediction markers in the oncology, cardiovascular and neurological fields.

Extended Syllabus

MODULE: MICROBIOLOGY
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms.
The bacterial cell: Size, shape and arrangements of bacteria.
Structures external to the cell wall: glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbriae.
The cell wall: composition and characteristics; cell wall and Gram stain; atypical cell walls.
Structures internal to the cell wall: the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm; the nucleoid; plasmids and resistance factors; ribosomes.
Bacterial metabolism: aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Bacterial division and generation time.
Bacterial spore: structure, types, sporulation and germination, and their protecting role in biocide resistance.
Biology of Fungi: general characteristics, structure and classification. Fungal pathogenesis.
Characteristics and classification of viruses.
Virus structure: non-enveloped and enveloped viruses.
Viral replication: life cycle of viruses with animal and prokaryote hosts.
The resident oral microbiota. The mouth as a microbial habitat. Dental plaque: microbial biofilms in the mouth; mechanism of dental plaque formation.

MODULE: CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis: entry into the human body; adhesion, colonization and invasion; pathogenic actions of bacteria (tissue destruction, toxins); mechanisms for escaping host defenses.
Antibacterials and their mechanisms of action. Mechanisms of drug resistance.
Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococci, Streptococci. Gram-negative cocci: Neisseria. Gram-positive rods: Mycobacterium, Actinomyces. Gram-negative rods: Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Campylobacter, Helicobacter. Spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli: Clostridium and Bacillus. Anaerobic bacteria in oral cavity. Spirochaetes.
RNA viruses: Orthomyxovirus, Rotavirus, Filovirus, Retrovirus, Coronavirus, Flavivirus, Picornavirus, Delta virus. DNA viruses: Poxvirus, Herpesvirus, Hepadnavirus, Papillomavirus. Antiviral drugs.
Prions. Hospital-acquired infection.
Oral bacterial diseases: dental caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, dental abscess, pulpitis and dental pulp necrosis. Oral fungal and viral infections. Antimicrobial prophylaxis.
Selection, collection procedure, storage, transport and processing of clinical specimens.
Culture: use of non-selective and selective media.
Microbial Identification: conventional and molecular methods.
Disinfection and sterilization, and dental asepsis.

MODULE: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
- General concept of disease, etiology and pathogenesis. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease. Pathology caused by physical (heat, radiation), chemicals (acids and bases) and biological (pathogens) agents.
- Cellular responses to microenvironment change: cellular adaptation, cell death (necrosis and apoptosis).
- Inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation; Granulomas, systemic phenomena of inflammation.
- Healing of tissue lesions: regeneration and repair.
- Immunology and immunopathology of the oral cavity: the organization of the immune system. Natural and acquired immunity: mechanisms of humoral and cellular immunity (antibodies, antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, complement).
Immunopathological reactions: hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
- Oncology: Characteristics of benign and malignant tumor. Definition of oncogenes, and oncosuppressor genes. Chemical carcinogenesis: carcinogens and their cellular interaction, stages of carcinogenesis. Tumor growth biology: growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, progression, invasive growth and metastasis.

MOULE: CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Recommended Bibliography

E. Lanciotti: Microbiologia Clinica, CEA - Quarta Ed. 2017.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA: Microbiologia Medica 8a Ed. Edra, 2017.
La Placa: Principi di Microbiologia Medica, EdiSES - Ed. XIV 2014.
Pontieri G.M.: Patologia e Fisiopatologia generale. Edizione Piccin-Piccin Nuova Libraria.
G. Federici et al. Medicina di Laboratorio. McGraw Hill.

Teaching Methods

Teaching method: frontal lectures and material provided by the teachers

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

Oral examination.
N.B. For Integrated Courses (exams covering more than one module or course unit) a single exam will be held and a final grade given.

Contacts/More Information

Contacts:
Prof. Nerino Allocati
In-Person office hours: Monday – Friday from 10:00 to 13:00.
Or by appointment: Contact the professor by email: nerino.allocati@unich.it.

Prof. Marcella Reale
Prof. Reale is available for clarification to the students, from monday to friday 10.00 - 13.00. By appointment: tel. 0871.3554029;
e-mail: mreale@unich.it.
Nuovo Polo Didattico, Palazzina C, III livello.
Dip.to di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, sez. di Immunodiagnostica.

Prof. Stefano Martinotti
By appointment: stefano.martinotti@unich.it.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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