Vital signs and their role in the evaluation of patients, especially in the emergency setting,
Transient loss of consciousness: the syncope.
Pneumonia and relative complications.
Pulmonary embolism and its clinical expressions (e.g., dyspnea, thoracic pain, syncope, cardiac arrest, arrhythmias, palpitation).
Respiratory failure, cardiorespiratory failure; pulmonary edema; acute respiratory distress syndrome,
Thoracic pain, either posterior (back pain) or anterior (precordial pain), with special regard to acute coronary syndrome.
Ischemic heart disease and its various clinical forms, in particular angina pectoris myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death.
Cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and complications; hypokinetic arrhythmias and hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias.
Cardiac arrest and relative pathological rhythms, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Hypertensive emergencies-urgencies.Abdominal pain, etiological and clinical aspects (acute pancreatitis, biliary and renal colics, cholecystitis/cholangitis, peritonitis, enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, intestinal ischemia, intestinal obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome). Digestive bleeding.
Acute renal failure (acute kidney injury) and complications.
Electrolyte disorders (hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypercalcemia).
Disorders of acid-base balance.
Ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke.
Shock, such as septic shock,
Anemias; bleeding diathesis, e.g. thrombocytopenia.