HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

TLB12A5

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2020/2021

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Moduls:

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - 3 credits
GENERAL PATHOLOGY - 4 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Second semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

Knowledge of Human Anatomy, Physics and Biochemistry. Prerequisites: according to the Teaching Regulations of the Course (Regolamento Didattico)

Objectives

the understanding and learning the mechanisms that underlie the functions of the human body. The course of Human Physiology will provide the knowledge of the organ and apparatus both in the light of specific functions, and in their integrations directed to the general control of the organism analyzing the responses to changes in the internal and external environment at the cellular, organ, system and apparatus levels, defining the human-environment interaction.
the course of general pathology will provide to the students the knowledge of the pathophysiological factors underlying the structural and functional alterations found in the pathological processes, as well as the mechanisms of damage response and related disorders.
At the end of the course the student must be able to apply the knowledge derived from the Course, integrated with those deriving from previous Courses, to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the main categories of pathologies affecting the human species.

Contents

Description of the mechanisms underlying the functional processes at the cellular, organ and apparatus levels. Illustration of the functioning of organs and systems of the human body. Definition of the principles that regulate cellular and sensory transduction, to arrive at the description of the endocrine and nervous systems integration and control of the metabolism. The course of general pathology deals with aspects of the state of the disease, with particular attention to the causes (etiology) and mechanisms (pathogenesis) responsible for the loss of the physiological homeostatic condition; Also the defense systems of human body: inflammation and immunity. Immunopathology, mechanisms of cell damage and death, and the biology of tumors will bedescribed.

Extended Syllabus

Cellular physiology
Homeostasis. Biophysics of the cell membrane (permeability and transport). Membrane potentials: resting, electrotonic, action potentials. Propagation of potentials. The synapses.
Nervous and muscular system
Functional organization of the nervous system. Autonomous and somatic motor system: innervations, neurotransmitters and receptors, functions of autonomic nervous system. The neuromuscular junction. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle physiology: mechanical aspect of the muscular contraction.
Endocrine system

Endocrine function: the hypothalamic-hypophysis-target axis.
The control of body metabolism.
Homeostasis of calcium and phosphate (parathormone, calcitonin and Vit D).

Cardiovascular system
The common myocardium and the specific myocardium. The electrical activity of the heart: cardiac pacemakers and conduction. ECGEsystem. ECG. Mechanical features of the heart: the cardiac cycle.
Structure and function of vessels, visco-elastic behavior, arterial pulse, blood pressure, ECG. blood volume, flow and resistance.
Mechanical features of the heart: the cardiac cycle. Structure and function of vessels, viscoelastic behavior, arterial pulse, blood pressure, blood volume, flow and resistance.
Microcirculation and interstitial plasma-liquid exchanges. The laws of hydrostatics and hemodynamics. Control of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure.

Respiratory system
Structure and function of the respiratory system. Respiratory mechanics. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Respiratory centers and breathing control (nervous, chemoceptive and mechanoceptive). Respiratory indexes: lung volumes and capacity. Alveolar exchanges and transport of gases in the blood.

The kidney
The nephron. Filtration, re-absorption, secretion and excretion processes. The functions of the kidney (endocrine, control in hydro-saline and acid-base balance).

The gastrointestinal system.
Nervous and hormonal control of gastrointestinal functions. Digestion and absorption of the main nutrients. Functions of the exocrine pancreas, gallbladder and liver.
- Etiology and pathogenesis: Causes of illness. Pathological effects of radiation, electric currents, thermal energy transfer, high and low temperatures: heat stroke, burns; frostbite, freezing, free radicals.
- Cellular adaptation and alterations of cell growth: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, aplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia.
- Cellular damage: reversible and irreversible. Ischemic and hypoxic damage. Vacuolar degeneration, hydropic and turbid swelling.
- Cell Death. Characteristics and phases of necrosis. Types of necrosis: coagulative, colliquative, caseous, fibrinoid). Physiological and pathological apoptosis. Autophagy
- Immune system: phenotypic, morphological and functional characteristics of cellular components, and soluble mediators of innate and specific immunity.
-Innnate immunity: physical barriers, cells of the innate response. Receptors for the recognition of pathogens. Effector mechanisms of innate immunity; Phagocytosis.
-Inflammatory process: Inflammation as a defensive process. Definition and causes of inflammation. Angioflogosis and histoplogosis. inflaCells of acute inflammatory process. Chemical mediators (Complement: pathways of activation and its biological functions, histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines). Exudates: types and composition, diversity from transudates. Diapedesis. Chemotaxis. Classification of acute inflammations (serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, necrotic-hemorrhagic,). Chronic inflammation. Granulomas: types. Systemic manifestations of the inflammatory process (acute phase proteins, leukocytosis, VES, endogenous and exogenous pyrogens, fever, thermal curves, organic and metabolic changes in fever). Resolution of inflammation. Regeneration and connective reintegration. Healing of wounds.
- Specific immunity: Antigens, definition and concept of hapten, epitope, immunogenicity.
Antibodies: structure and classes. Genetic bases of Ig structure. Molecular mechanisms underlying antibody diversity. Clonal selection theory. Antigen-antibody reaction: valence, affinity and avidity
Lymphocytic maturation: stages of maturation of B and T lymphocytes; Lymphocyte antigen recognition: B-cell (BcR) and T-cell (TcR) antigen receptor, d genetic bases of their structure. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Role in immune responses. Structure, function, cellular distribution and regulation of the expression of MHC class I and class II molecules. Characteristics of peptide-MHC interaction. Structural bases of the binding of peptides to MHC molecules. Processing and presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes
Activation of B and T lymphocytes: activation phases; effector mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated specific immunity. Differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes in the subpopulations of T helper cells (TH) TH1, TH2 andTH17. Role of cytokines in the differentiation phase and in the functions of the effector T-subpopulations.
The rejection of transplants as an immune phenomenon
Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity (classification and pathogenetic mechanisms), autoimmunity (major organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases), immunodeficiencies (AIDS)
Functional study of I.R.
-Ocology: Definition of oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. Characteristics and biological behavior of the tumor cell (autonomy, atypia, afinalism). Carcinogenesis. Multiphasic theory of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, progression). Environmental carcinogenesis: chemical carcinogens. ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. Starting and promoting agents. Viral carcerogenesis. Benign and malignant tumors. Molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis. Stages of metastatisation. Immune surveillance: specific tumor antigens (TSTA, T antigens, embryonic antigens).

Recommended Bibliography

Fondamenti di Fisiologia Umana; L. Shervood, Casa Editrice: Piccin
- FISIOLOGIA; C.L. Stanfield, Casa Editrice: EdiSES
Pontieri G.M.. Elementi di Patologia Gen per i C.d.L. in professioni sanitarie. Piccin

Mak, Saunders: Fondamenti di Immunologia. Zanichelli

for further information:
Robbins a cura di Cotran, Kumar, Collins. Le Basi Patologiche Delle Malattie. Elsevier.

Doan. Le basi dell'immunologia. Zanichelli

Teaching Methods

The course will be held through lessons with the help of iconographic material collected in PowerPoint files that, at the end of the course, will be made available to students.
During the lessons the main concepts of each topic will be exposed, providing examples and stimulating the students to ask questions also on the basis of bibliographic references that will be provided.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

The final test will be carried out by oral examination to detect the effectiveness of learning and teaching processes.
The final verification can be sustained in one of the date present in the calendar after acquisition of presence.
Each student will be asked by the teachers of each module questions on topics listed in the extended program.
The student will explain the required concept and on this a dialogue will develop with the teacher.
the student must demonstrate: a sufficient but incomplete basic knowledge (vote 18-22/30),
a discreet knowledge with the ability to clearly illustrate the topics (23-25/30),
good ability to illustrate the subjects with properties of language (26-28/30),
excellent knowledge of the matter moving easily from one subject to another contextualizing any interconnections and/or differences (28-30/30).
The laude is reserved to those who also show particular interest and knowledge of the functional aspects of the professionalizing sector, with high communication skills and autonomous learning.
The exam will not be passed if during the dialogue with the teachers the student will highlight such gaps as to strongly preclude the possibility of understanding the physiological mechanisms or pathological processes object of the test.

Contacts/More Information

The teachers are available for clarification to the students
General pathology From Monday to Friday 10.00-12.00.
N.P.D., Edificio C, III livello.
By appointment :
Phone: 0871 3554029 E-mail:mreale@unich.it
Ask for appointments to Human Physiology :
by telephone to the number 0871/541399
or by email simone.guarnieri@unich.it

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree