First aid (general notes): Elements of first aid. What to do and what not to
do?. Urgency vs emergency. Aid goals. Urgency classification (codes: red,
yellow, green, white). Sequence of rescue operations (ring: A, B, C, D, E,
F, G,). PAS: Protect, Warn, Rescue. The triangle of life (consciousness,
breath, circle). Essential Tools for Rescue Evaluation: Vital Signs and
Score. Vital signs: definition, GSC, AVPU, Renge , body temperature
(measuring ways, measuring devices, measuring scales, values in the
various locations), pulse (rate, rate alterations, rhythm, pulse quality,
detection locations , methods of detection), arterial pressure (forms of
pathological changes, classification of pressure levels according to WHO,
methods of detection, instruments of detection, non-invasive technique,
Obiettivi per lo sviluppo sostenibile
Codice Descrizione
description of the procedure), respiratory function (characteristics of
breathing, symptoms of respiratory, methods). Score: Chest Pain Score,
Slasgow Coma Scale, AVPU, Cincinnati, Pain (VAS, NSR), Revised Trauma
score. Legal considerations in rescue: civil liability art. 2034 CC, criminal
liability. The state of necessity. Some crimes in rescue: art 348 CP, art.
589 CP, art. 590 Criminal Code, art. 593 CP, art. 605 Criminal Code, art.
614 CP, art. 622 CP. Pollution of evidence during rescue (do's and don'ts
on living and deceased patient).
Traumatic lesions of the skin. Elements of anatomy and physiology:
integumentary system (skin, subcutaneous tissue, appendages).
Classification of wounds: abrasions, grazes, sharps, cuts, lacerations,
lacerated-contused, gunshot wounds. Complications. Vaccination.
Seroprophylaxis. First aid: stop massive bleeding , examination of the
victim (A, B, C, D, E), minor wounds (dressing). Disinfectants. Various
types of compression bandage. Wound first aid with retained foreign
body (dressing). Amputations (treatment, recovery and treatment of the
amputated part).
Shock: hypovolaemic - anaphylactic. Definition. Classification
(hypovolaemic: absolute, relative; cardiogenic). Various types of shock
(compensated, full-blown, hypovolemic). Signs and symptoms of
hemorrhagic shock . Capillary refill test. Causes of hemorrhagic shock.
Treatment of hemorrhagic shock. First aid maneuvers. Bleeding
(definition, classification, compression techniques, compression
bandages, tourniquet, turniquet ). Varicose vein bleeding (treatment).
Internal bleeding. Externalized bleeding (epistaxis, otorrhagia,
hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, metrorrhagia, melena, rectum).
Anaphylactic shock from insects (anaphylaxis, epidemiology - mortality,
risk factors affecting the severity of a systemic reaction, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, behavioral indications, specific immunotherapy, urticaria).
Drug-induced anaphylactic shock (types of drugs, diagnosis, treatment,
therapy). Prophylaxis.
Toxicology (definition). Poison or toxic? Classification, effects, routes of
administration, ingestible substances, inhalable substances, injectable
substances. Absorption, Diagnosis. Criterion: circumstantial, clinical,
anatomical-pathological. Intoxication from ingestion of: caustic
substances, drugs, infected foods. Inhalation poisoning: flammable gases
(signs and symptoms, treatment), carbon monoxide (signs and
symptoms, treatment, difference between the various forms). Drug
intoxication (signs and symptoms, treatment, addiction, tolerance,
classification: heroin, ecstasy, mdma,), alcohol (signs and symptoms,
treatment, consequence, clinical picture, alcoholic dementia), mushroom
poisoning (causes, treatment, clinic poisoning syndrome, who to contact).