- Execution of visus in pediatric age and in adults
- autorefractorometry execution
- Lens reading by manual and computerized lensmeter
- optical correction of refractive defects
- trying on lenses and preparing the patient in refractive surgery

- knowledge of the pathophysiology of binocular vision
- knowledge of the innervations, actions and fields of action of the extrinsic ocular muscles
- knowing how to identify forias and tropias in the covert test