Structure of the atom: Thomson and Rutherford atomic models; Bohr's atomic model; uncertainty principle and Schrodinger's wave model; atomic orbitals and electronic structure of polyelectronic atoms.
Periodic system: chemical properties of the elements and their periodicity; structure of the periodic table; periodic properties of the elements (atomic size, ionization energy and electron affinity); metallic, non-metallic and semi-metallic properties of the elements.
The chemical bond: bond energy, types of chemical bonds; ionic bond; covalent bond; polarity of bonds; electronegativity; Lewis structures; resonance and formal charge; valence bond theory (VB); hybrid orbitals; VSEPR theory; metal bond; weak interactions.
Oxidation number and nomenclature. Stoichiometry.
Introduction to thermodynamics and chemical kinetics: first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy and thermochemistry; Hess's law; entropy and second law of thermodynamics; free energy; chemical kinetics: general aspects; reaction rate and integrated kinetic laws; speed dependence on temperature; catalysis and catalysts.
The solid state: general information; types of solids and crystalline systems (outline); amorphous solids; liquids: general information; vapor pressure; change of state for a one-component system; Le Chatelier principle.
The solutions: general aspects; colligative properties; ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Redox reactions: balancing of redox reactions with the half-reaction method.
Chemical equilibria: generalities; mass action law and equilibrium constant; thermodynamic derivation of the equilibrium constant; Kc and Kp and their dependence on temperature; Le Chatelier principle.
Acid-base equilibria: general aspects; water self-ionization; aqueous solutions of strong acids or bases, weak monoprotic and polyprotic acids or bases; buffer solutions; ions such as acids and bases: hydrolysis;
Solubility equilibria: general aspects; effect of the ion to common; conditions of a precipitate; Henry's law.
