The chemistry of life:
- Atoms and carbon molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
The organization of the cell:
- Cell theory
- The organization and size of the cell
- Cell study methods
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- The cell nucleus
- The cytoplasmic organelles provided with a membrane
- The cytoskeleton
- Cellular coatings
Biological membranes:
- The structure of biological membranes
- The passage of materials through biological membranes
- Passive transport
- Active transport
- Exocytosis and endocytosis
- Cellular junctions
Cell communication:
- Cellular signaling: an overview
- Sending signals
- Reception
- Signal transduction
- Responses to signals
- The evolution of cellular communication
The processes of aerobiosis and cellular anaerobiosis:
- Redox reaction
- The four stages of aerobic respiration
- The energy yield of nutrients other than glucose
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
The structure of the chromosomes and the processes of mitosis and meiosis:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes
- The cell cycle and mitosis
- Cell cycle regulation
- Sexual reproduction and meiosis
DNA structure and replication:
- Evidence showing that DNA is the hereditary material
- The structure of DNA
- DNA replication
The gene expression:
- The discovery of the gene-protein relationship
- Information flow from DNA to proteins: an overview
- The transcription
- Translation
- Variation of gene expression in different organisms
- The concept of mutation
The mechanisms of gene regulation
- Virus and bacteria
-Stem cells
Issues related to gender difference will be addressed as part of the discussion. In detail, biological gender differences will be addressed to understand the mechanisms through which these differences affect health status and disease onset.
