1. Introduction to General Pathology and Pathophysiology. Health status and disease status - Homeostasis as balance between opposing actions - Health status as a point of equilibrium - Method: way to go - General etiology: genetic, epigenetic and environmental causes of illness - Terminology issues in medicine - Main causes of death and disease in developed countries to developing countries - Pathogenesis concept - Competition between diseases and life expectancy at birth.
2. Cellular pathology. Cell damage and death. Causes of cell damage. Morphological alterations in cell damage: reversible damage, necrosis. Cell damage mechanisms: ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, intracellular calcium entry and loss of calcium homeostasis, accumulation of reactive species and free oxygen radicals, membrane permeability defects, DNA and protein damage. Ischemic and hypoxic damage. Chemical damage. Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Intracellular accumulations. Pathological calcification. Cell aging.
3. Acute and chronic inflammation. Background. Acute inflammation: stimuli of acute inflammation, reaction of blood vessels in acute inflammation, reaction of leucocytes in inflammation, extinction of acute inflammatory response. Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphological aspects. Chronic inflammation: Causes, morphological characteristics and cellular responses. Granulomatous inflammation. Systemic effects and consequences. FEVER.
4. Renewal, regeneration and tissue repair. Control of proliferation and tissue homeostasis: proliferative activity of tissues, stem cells and their role in tissue homeostasis. Growth factors and proliferative and anti-proliferative signals. Regeneration mechanisms of tissues and organs. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Healing for repair, scarring and fibrosis.
5. Tissue adaptations to damage. Hyperplasia and physiological and pathological hypertrophy. Atrophy, aplasia and hypoplasia. Metaplasia. Dysplasia.
6. Neoplastic diseases. Molecular basis of cell transformation. Metabolic factors and Warburg effect in cell transformation. "Sporadic" and hereditary tumors. Benign and malignant tumors. General histogenetic classification. Oral and nasopharyngeal tumors: characteristics and risk factors. Molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis: general concepts. Primitive and metastatic tumors. Stages of metastatisation. Staging concepts. Elements of epidemiology of tumors. Immunity and tumors. Antigens and tumor markers. Elements of cancer therapy. Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Concepts of initiation and tumor promotion. Main direct and indirect chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis from ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. Tobacco and cancer. Viral carcerogenesis.
7. Hemodynamic diseases, atherosclerosis, thromboembolic disease and shock. Edema, haemorrhage, hemostasis and thrombosis. Coagulation mechanisms and their alterations. Atherosclerosis: characteristics and pathogenetic mechanisms. Thrombosis. Embolism. Heart attack. Shock.
8. Environmental and nutritional disorders. Diabetes. Obesity. Damage from physical and mechanical causes. Radiation. Acute and chronic damage from exciting radiations. Acute and chronic damage from ionizing radiation. Freezing. Burns. Trauma.
9. Innate immunity. Recognition of microorganisms by innate immunity. Components of innate immunity. Avoidance of innate immunity by microorganisms. Role of innate immunity in the activation of adaptive immunity.
10. Adaptive immunity Capture and presentation of the antigen to lymphocytes. Recognition of the antigen by adaptive immunity. Recognition of the antigen by adaptive immunity. Cell-mediated immune response. Effector mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immune response. Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity.
11. Tolerance and autoimmunity. Tolerance of lymphocytes T. Tolerance of lymphocytes B. Autoimmunity principles and pathogenesis. genetic factors of autoimmunity. Role of infections in autoimmunity.
12. Immunity against transplantation. Immune responses against transplants.
13. Hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity reactions. diseases caused by antibodies and immune complexes. Diseases caused by T lymphocytes
14. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Primary congenital immunodeficiencies. Secondary congenital immunodeficiencies. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
