ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

DIE11A2

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2020/2021

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in DIETISTIC

Moduls:

APPLIED BIOLOGY - 2 credits
HUMAN ANATOMY - 3 credits
HISTOLOGY - 1 credits
MEDICAL GENETICS - 1 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

First semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

To have completed the Additional Formation Offer (OFA) if indicated.obtaining the frequency (min 70%), no prerequisites

Objectives

Applied Biology modulea) Educating the student in the "critical method" and in the discussion through the description of experiments, heritage of the history of biology and genetics. b) To provide the student with a harmonious and "antidogmatic" vision of living beings, in which the common morphofunctional characteristics, their interactions and complementarities are outlined, from viruses to humans. c) Introduce the student to the techniques of biology and genetics, currently used in the clinic, molecular diagnostics and forensic medicine.Human Anatomy moduleAt the end of the course the student must have acquired a three-dimensional representation of human body, surface characteristics, and internal organization. The approach will be mainly of a systematic type, based on the study of the single apparatus and therefore of the organs and viscera that constitute the systems and apparatus. At the same time, students will be provided with the basic notions for a topographical study of Human Anatomy, taking into account the large regions of the body in order to better evaluate the relationships between organs, viscera and connective devices in each territory. Organs and viscera will be considered in their macroscopic and microscopic structural features as they appear after dissection of the body, after radiological examination and after observation of sections processed for optical microscopy. When necessary, ultrastructural aspects will also be taken into consideration. The acquisitions will be finally integrated with elements of functional anatomy and clinical anatomy to avoid a too sectorial view of the subject.Histology moduleExpected learning outcomes:-to know the early stages of human development, the embryological origin of tissues, stem cells and cell differentiation;-to know the morphology of cells and tissues correlating it closely to function;-to understand the structural organization at the microscopic level of the human body, the basis of anatomy and of physiological and pathological processes, to which its professional intervMedical Genetics Modulea) Educating the student in the "critical method" and in the discussion through the description of experiments, heritage of the history of biology and genetics. b) To provide the student with a harmonious and "antidogmatic" vision of living beings, in which the common morphofunctional characteristics, their interactions and complementarities are outlined, from viruses to humans. c) Introduce the student to the techniques of biology and genetics, currently used in the clinic, molecular diagnostics and forensic medicine.

Contents

Applied Biology module1.Basic characteristics of living matter. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the general characteristics of the various living organs
- the choice of the existence of intracellular information, between cells and between multicellular individuals.
-the theory of evolution as a unifying concept of biology.
- the importance in hierarchical biology (classification system)
- the need for a continuous supply of energy in biological systems.
- the importance of acquiring a scientific method.

2. Fundamental characteristics of the topics and molecules concerning the basis of the chemistry of life. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the structure of atoms, of the molecules and their respective ability to interact (chemical bonds and molecular interactions).
- the importance of water for carrying out vital functions.
-the chemical-physical and biological properties of organic macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

3. Basic cellular features. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the importance of cell theory.
- how to study the cellular structure.
-the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- structure and function of cell organelles.
- structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
-structure and function of the extracellular matrix.

4. Basic features of biological membranes. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the structure and functions that regulate the interaction between cells.
- passive and active transport mechanisms.
-the role and the various forms of junctions between cells.

5. Fundamental characteristics of the flow of energy through living organisms. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the principles of thermodynamics applied to biological systems.
- the structure and functions of enzymes.
- anabolic and catabolic reactions.
- energy transfer: redox reactions.
- the metabolic pathways of energy release.
- the mechanisms of ATP production in aerobiosis and anaerobiosis.
- the regulation of cellular respiration.

6. Fundamental characteristics of the flow of genetic information in living organisms. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the structure and function of chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis.
-the DNA: a macromolecular depository of the genetic information of living matter.
-RNA and protein synthesis: mechanisms that regulate gene expression.
- gene regulation: control of the existence of genes.

7. Fundamental characteristics of the fundamental principles of systematics. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Viruses and bacteria (bacteriophages, lithic reproductive cycle, temperate viruses, animal and plant viruses, viroids and prions, archaea bacteria and eubacteria).Human Anatomy module- Integumentary apparatus.- Bone tissue and skeletal structure.- Articulations.- Muscle tissue.- Muscular system.- Nervous tissue.- Spinal cord and spinal nerves.- Brain and cranial nerves.- Sensitive pathways and somatic nervous system- Autonomic nervous system and higher order functions- Endocrine system- Blood- Heart- Blood vessels and circle- Lymphatic system- Respiratory System- Digestive system- Urinary system- Genital apparatusHistology moduleEmbryological derivation, microscopic structure and functional correlations of human tissues.Medical Genetics ModuleGeneral characteristics of DNA and flow of genetic information. Mitosis, of Meiosis, of the duration of the phases and of the regulation of the cell cycle. Genetic variability: gene mutation, recombination and transposition. Mendelian myofactorial inheritance, phenotype analysis, inheritance of genes associated with sex, genealogical trees, associated genes and their transmission and non-traditional inheritance. Mendel's laws and multifactorial heritage. Normal human karyotype and its variations.

Extended Syllabus

Applied Biology module1. Introduction to the fundamental characteristics of living matter: in particular to know how to describe
-The general characteristics of the various living organisms
-The levels of biological organization
-The need for the existence of a flow of intracellular information between cells and between multicellular individuals.
-The theory of evolution as a unifying concept of biology.
-The importance in the biology of the hierarchical organization (classification system)
-The need for a continuous supply of energy in biological systems.
-The importance of acquiring a scientific method.
2. Fundamental characteristics of the atoms and molecules that form the basis of the chemistry of life. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Carbon atoms and organic molecules.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
-The proteins
- Nucleic acids
-The identification of biological molecules
3. Fundamental characteristics of the cellular organization. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The importance of cell theory.
-The study methods of cellular structure.
-The differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-Structure and function of the membrane nucleus and organelles.
- Structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
-Structure and function of the extracellular matrix.
4. Basic features of biological membranes. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The structure of biological membranes
-The functions of membrane proteins
- The permeability of the membrane
- Passive and active transport mechanisms.
- Exocytosis and endocytosis
-the role and the various forms of junctions between cells.
5. Key features of cellular communication. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Send signals
-Receiving
-Transduction of the signal
- Responses to signals
-The evolution of cellular communication.
6. Fundamental characteristics of the study of energy applied to metabolism. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Organic work
-The laws of thermodynamics
-Energy and Metabolism
-The ATP
-The structure and functions of enzymes.
7. The synthesis of ATP in cells. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Redox reactions
-The four stages of Aerobic Breathing
-The energy yield of nutrients other than glucose
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
8. Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes
-The cell cycle and mitosis
-The regulation of the cell cycle
- Sexual reproduction and meiosis
9. DNA as a depository molecule of genetic information. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The evidence that DNA is the hereditary material
- The DNA structure
- DNA replication
10. Gene expression. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Discovery of the gene-protein relationship.
-The flow of information from DNA to proteins: general
- The transcription
-Translation
- Mutations
-The variations of gene expression
11. Gene regulation. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Generality
-Gene regulation in prokaryotic cells
-Gene regulation in eukaryotic cells
12. Fundamental characteristics and the differences between living systems. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Viruses and subviral agents
- Virus Structure
- Virus classification
- Viral replication
- Viral diseases
- Virus Evolution
- Subviral agents
13. Bacteria and archaeabacteria
-The structure of bacteria and archaeobacteria
- Reproduction and evolution of prokaryotes
- Nutritional and metabolic adaptations
-The phylogeny of the two domains of prokaryotes
-The impact of the procarities on ecology, technology and commerce.
- Bacteria and diseases Human Anatomy moduleLocomotor systemOverview, classification and structure of bones. In a general manner and classification of the joints. n a general manner classification of muscles and tendons.Head: bones of the cranial box, bones of the massive facial. Trunk: vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx). Chest (ribs and sternum). Scapular girdle (scapula and clavicle) and scapulo-humeral articulation. Upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus and phalanges). Pelvic girdle (ileum, ischio and pubis) and coxo-femoral joint. Lower limb (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsal and phalanges) and knee jointEndocrine systemPituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal: in a general manner.Central nervous systemIn a general manner: systematic, topographic, clinical radiological anatomySpinal cord. Encephalous (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon)Peripheral nervous systemSympathetic System: Orthosympathetic and ParasympatheticCardiocirculatory systemHeart: location and topography. Structure and function of the valves. Functional anatomy of the circulatory system: arteries, veins and capillaries. The small circulation and the great circulation. Aorta and its primary branches of division. Lymphatic system: general characteristics of the lymphatic circulation. Lymph node stations of the head, neck, thorax, upper limb and lower limb. Main lymphatic trunks. Lymph nodes. Spleen: form, position, relationships and structure.Respiratory systemNose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary parenchyma.Pleure and respiratory mechanicsDigestive systemVestibule of the mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine. Liver and biliary ways. Pancreas.Urinary apparatusKidney, calyxes and renal pelvis. Ureters. Urinary bladder. Male and female urethra.Male Genital SystemTesticles. Spermatic ways. External genital organs.Female Genital ApparatusOvary. Genital ways. External genital organs.Endocrine systemPituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal: in a general manner.Histology module- Embryological origins of tissues and basic cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.-The stem cell.- Methods of study in Histology- Epithelial tissue: coating; exocrine and endocrine glands-Connective tissue: Connectival, adipose, cartilaginous, bone, haematopoietic and Blood- Muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth- Nervous tissueMedical Genetics Module1. Describe the processes of Mitosis, Meiosis, duration of the phases and regulation of the cell cycle2. Within the structure of the Nucleic Acids, to illustrate the general characteristics of the DNA. Describe the flow of genetic information from one cell generation to another and describe DNA duplication and repair. Describe the various levels of DNA organization in the cell. To illustrate the organization of the genome and extranuclear DNA.3. Within the mechanisms of production of genetic variability illustrate the phenomena of gene mutation, recombination and transposition4. To illustrate the monofattorial mendelian inheritance, the analysis of the phenotype, the inheritance of genes associated with sex, genealogical trees, associated genes and their transmission and non-traditional heredity. Also illustrate the particularities of Mendel's laws and multifactorial inheritance.5. To know the main characteristics of the chromatin, the gene families contained in it and the gene polymorphisms.6. Knowing how to describe the normal human karyotype and its variations. Describe the sex chromosomes and the determination of sex. Knowing genomic and chromosomal mutations. Illustrate the concept of fragile site. Knowing how to explain the main methods of chromosome banding and molecular cytogenetics.7. To know the genes that regulate cell proliferation and the mechanisms that lead to their dysregulation.8. Know the hemoglobins and their modifications.9. To know the imprinting, the mechanisms that determine it and the mechanisms that alter it.10. Describe the main techniques of analysis and manipulation of DNA and the main applications of genetic engineering techniques.

Recommended Bibliography

Applied Biology moduleSolomon et al. Fondamenti di Biologia, Edises Editor, VII Edition 2017Human Anatomy moduleMartini Timmons “Anatomia Umama” Ed. EdiSESHistology moduleOne among the following books:-Di Pietro ELEMENTI DI ISTOLOGIA Ed. EdiSES
-Calligaro et al.- CITOLOGIA E ISTOLOGIA FUNZIONALE. Ed.: edi-ermes Stevens A, Lowe J.-ISTOLOGIA UMANA Ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
-Adamo et al. ISTOLOGIA Ed. Piccin
-Junqueira –Carneiro COMPENDIO DI ISTOLOGIA Ed. Piccin
-Dongmei Cui, ATLANTE DI ISTOLOGIA Ed. Piccin.Insights
-Rosati. ISTOLOGIA Ed.: edi-ermes
-Monesi. “IstologiaMedical Genetics ModuleG. Palka, Genetica Umana, Libreria Universitaria Ed., Chieti, Italy

Teaching Methods

Frontal lessons stimulating interactivity through classroom discussion of the topics addressed.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

the multiple choice test is composed of 60 questions distributed for the 4 modules: applied biology 15, human anatomy 15, histology 15 and medical genetics 15. Essential requirement to pass the exam is to answer at least 50% of the questions of each single module . the vote is calculated by multiplying the number of correct answers for each individual module by two and calculating the weighted average. The questions are prepared by the teacher during the academic year of reference.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree