For the general part
C. BERNARD, B. de CUNTEN, A. MARTIN, M. NIOGRET, Les institutions de la France, Paris, Nathan, 2013.
For the history of the French language:
M. HUCHON, Histoire de la langue française, Paris, Le Livre de Poche, 2022.
For non-attending students, please arrange supplementary text with the lecturer.
1 CFU module for students who have included the teaching as a student's choice activity (TAF D - 9 CFU):
Arianne POISONNIER - Gérard SOURNIA, Atlas de la francophonie. Le Français, plus qu'une langue, préface de Louise Mushikiwado, cartographie de Fabrice Le Goff, Paris, Autrement, 2021.
Non-attending students are also advised to read:
Dominique COMBE, Les Littératures francophones. Questions, débats, polémiques, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2010 (chapters I, V and VI).