Chemical bond and hybridization of carbon. Values and bonding patterns. Resonance and mesomeric forms. Weak interactions (dipoles, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, London) and their effect on physical properties.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes: structure, nomenclature, properties and chemical reactions.
Structure isomeria and stereoisomerism: conformational isomers and geometric isomers, optical isomers. Newman projections and Fischer projections. Chirality and rules for the assignment of the absolute configuration.
Alkenes: structure, nomenclature, synthesis (dehydrohalogenation E2 / E1, dehalogenation of vicinal dibromides, dehydration of alcohols), addition reactions (addition of halogenhydric acids, addition of water, anti-stereospecific addition of halogens, syngeneospecific catalytic hydrogenation).
Alchini: structure, nomenclature, properties, main synthesis and addition reactions to the triple bond.
Alcohols: structure, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and main chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols, Grignard reagents, reduction of carbonyl compounds, dehydrogenation, alcohols as nucleophiles and electrophiles, reduction, dehydration, oxidation.
Ethers, epoxides, sulfides: structure, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and main reactions. Ethers crown. Scission of ethers. Sulphides as reducing agents. Epoxides and their acid- and base-catalyzed opening.
Aldehydes and ketones: outline of structure, nomenclature, properties.
Aromatic compounds: benzene and derivatives (structure, nomenclature, aromaticity, forms of resonance). Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions on benzene (Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Crafts). Effects of substituents on aromatic electrophilic substitution. Energy diagrams. Aromatic nucleophilic substitution.
Amines: structure, nomenclature, properties, preparation from alkyl halides, reactions (salification, formation of quaternary ammonium salts, formation of amides, alkylation, acylation, Hoffmann reaction, oxidation and diazonium salts).
Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature, properties, acid salts, formation (Alcohol oxidation, alkenes cleavage, Grignard, nitrile hydrolysis), Fischer esterification, amide synthesis, reduction of carboxylic acids and derivatives, reactivity.
Carboxylic acid derivatives: Acyl halides, amides, esters, anhydrides: structure, nomenclature, properties, carboxylic acid formation and reactivity.
Overview of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins
