HISTORY OF MEDICINE.Introduction: The history of medicine, error and the human factor.Origins: The origins of western medicine and the Hippocrates revolution; Hippocratic Oath; Alessandrina school; Aulus Cornelio Celso; Claudio Galeno; Avicenna; AlbucasisTwo flashes in the dark: Andrea Vesalio; William Harvey and Marcello MalpighiMedicine in the Age of Enlightenment.Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 - 1714): Occupational medicine.Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771): The birth of organ pathology; The anatomo-clinical method.Antonio Scarpa (1752 - 1832): Anatomy and surgery shake hands and the birth of anatomical museums.Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821): Hygiene is born; Health as a collective asset to be safeguarded.Edward Jenner (1749-1823): Vaccine; Skepticism and controversy.Luigi Sacco (1769-1836): Vaccination Treaty (1809); Vaccination campaign in ItalyMedicine of the XIX century: The century of the great revolution; The birth of the clinic; Physical semeiotics.The Century of Surgery: From the anatomist surgeons to the new figure of the surgeon; Surgeries until the first half of the nineteenth century.The enemies of surgery: pain; hemorrhage, infection.The revolution: hilarious gases and anesthesia.Fight the bleeding. Frédéric Charrière (1803-1876) and the surgeon Jules Péan (1830-1898).Sepsis and Antisepsis.Ignaz Phülüp Semmelweis (1818-1865): Puerperal fever and the Vienna hospital.Jospeh Lister (1827-1912): Asepsis in surgery.Medicine between the XIX and XX centuries: The birth of bacteriology/microbiology and immunology.Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).Robert Koch (1843-1910).Filippo Pacini (1812-1884): 1854 description and slides of the cholera vibration.Consumption and sanatoriums.Carlo Forlanini (1847-1918): Therapeutic pneumothorax.Diagnostics: Scipione Riva Rocci (1863-1937): The sphygmomanometer.Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923): The discovery of X-rays.Eugenio Tiraboschi and the radioinduced damage: Radiology and diagnostic imaging: the TAC.Camillo Golgi (1843-1926): The discovery of the neuron; The black reaction; Malaria: the Golgi cycle and Golgi's law; The cell and the Golgi apparatus; The Italian First Nobel Prize in Medicine (1906).Alexander Fleming (1888-1955): 1929: The Penicillin. The first antibiotic. An Italian record: Vincenzo Tiberio (1869-1915).Places of the History of Medicine: MuseumsETHNOMEDICINE1. Introduction to Ethnomedicine2. Foundations of Ethnedicine3. World Medical Systems, Ethnomedical, Ethnomedicine, Medicine, Drugs4. Types of the drug5. Diagnosis, Patoplasty, Pato-organ, Terapy-organ, MDT System6. Medical systems in outpatient practices- Reflex points (365), Reflexotherapy, Applied kinesiology, Acupuncture - acupression, Naturopathy.- Pharmacological therapy (herbalist and industry)-Nutraceutics, therapy fungi,Bach Flowers - Psicophyt, -Applied kinesiology, -Osteopathy- cranio-sacral technique, posturology-MEDICAL STATISTICS• Purposes and methods of statistical analysis; statistical characters and classification.• Data synthesis tools: Absolute, relative, cumulative frequencies; arrangement and organization of data in tables; frequency distributions.• Main graphical representations: orthograms, circular sector diagrams, histograms, frequency polygons, dispersion diagrams.• Central tendency indices: arithmetic mean and its properties, fashion and median, tertiary, quartiles and percentiles.• Variability indices: range, deviance, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Box-plot.• Frequency distribution curves. Symmetry indexes.• Normal Distribution, standardized normal distribution.• Elements of Probability Calculation. Definition of probability. Calculation of the probabilities of mutually exclusive, independent and conditioned events.• Confidence interval for the arithmetic average and for a proportion.• Concept of statistical hypothesis testing.• Relationship between two characters: the chi-square test as a measure of association between two qualitative variables, the chi-square with the Yates correction for continuity, the exact Fisher test.• Student's t test for independent samples• Student's t test for paired samples.• Regression and correlation analysis• Evaluation of diagnostic tests SE, SP, VPP, VPNENGLISH IThe main objective of the course is to provide linguistic skills, strategies and tools necessary to optimize individual problem-solving skills in the interpretation of scientific texts in the English language relevant to the course of studies in medicine. Therefore, particular attention will be paid not only to the basic characteristics of English morphology and syntax, but above all to the study of the morphosyntactic structures that characterize the ESP (English for Specific Purposes) for the Course of Medicine Studies.The teaching will therefore be set and conducted on authentic materials in English (realia) through reading, textual analysis and translation of articles taken from scientific texts with particular care for specific vocabularies. The linguistic variety of these resources will also allow the constant verification of lexical, phonic, morphosyntactic and spelling differences between the British English from American English specialist terminology.The articulation of the activities to be carried out during the course is divided into modules and foresees a communicative competence of level B1, in accordance with the parameters defined by the "Common European Framework" for foreign languages, Council of Europe;• a knowledge of the micro-language of the medical field that aims to develop the ability to use the English language in specific professional contexts.Therefore the course is divided into two modules, following parameters and levels of the European framework.Module 1: development of functions, linguistic structures and vocabulary to achieve the degree of competence defined as "independent user" (level B1);Module 2: comprehension of scientific texts-language discussion on the issues addressed (level B1)