HUMAN ANATOMY

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

M4022

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2021/2022

Degree:

Course of Single Cycle Degree 6 years in MEDICINE AND SURGERY

Moduls:

NEUROANATOMY I - 3 credits
NEUROANATOMY II - 3 credits
TRAINING IN HUMAN ANATOMY - 2 credits
CLINICAL ANATOMY - 1 credits
TRAINING IN TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY - 1 credits
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY - 6 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Single Annual Cycle

Hours of classroom activity:

235

Prerequisites:

Need to pass the exams of the first year of the course.

Objectives

At the end of the course the student must have acquired a three-dimensional representation of human body, surface characteristics, and internal organization. The approach will be mainly of a systematic type, based on the study of the single apparatus and therefore of the organs and viscera that constitute the systems and apparatus. At the same time, students will be provided with the basic notions for a topographical study of Human Anatomy, taking into account the large regions of the body in order to better evaluate the relationships between organs, viscera and connective devices in each territory. Organs and viscera will be considered in their macroscopic and microscopic structural features as they appear after dissection of the body, after radiological examination and after observation of sections processed for optical microscopy. When necessary, ultrastructural aspects will also be taken into consideration. The acquisitions will be finally integrated with elements of functional anatomy and clinical anatomy to avoid a too sectorial view of the subject.
Without prejudice to the general objectives described for each organ and viscera, the student must be able to provide:
• A general definition that also includes the functional meaning of the organ itself
• The position occupied in the body
• Physical characteristics: Shape, surface configuration, dimensions, weight, consistency
• The relationships described neatly according to the surface configuration, ie taking into consideration, one at a time, the faces and margins that the organ presents
• The fixation means that connect the organ itself to other organs or to the walls of the body
• Vascularization
• Internal conformation. In the hollow organs it will be necessary to describe how the wall of the organ on the slope that delimits the cavity appears. In the solid organs as the organ in section appears.
• The microscopic structure

Contents

NEUROANATOMY I
The class includes with the study of macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the central nervous system with reference to the spinal cord, encephalic trunk, cerebellum and brain.
NEUROANATOMY II
In the Neuroanatomy II class the study of Meninges and vascularization of the central nervous system is addressed. Furthermore, the study of the sensory and motor pathways is addressed. The morphofunctional study of the eye, optic nerve, ear and acoustic nerve is also addressed. As far as the peripheral nervous system is concerned, the spinal and encephalic nerves are studied by combining the anatomic aspect with that functional one.
CLINICAL ANATOMY
The clinical anatomy module is intended to provide the anatomical topographical basis for the understanding of both the semeiological maneuvers, and of the own, pathognomonic signs of clinical and surgical affections. The study, therefore, provides for the acquisition by the student of specific information of surface anatomy. This module will be enriched by a series of appropriately simplified clinical cases supported by elements of radiological anatomy.
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
The module, starting from INTRODUCTION TO SPLANCNOLOGY, deals with the study of the DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and related vascular districts, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND ITS VASCULARIZATION along with the anatomical-topographical aspects of the URINARY EQUIPMENT and VASCULARIZATION and the MALE/FEMALE GENITAL APPARATUS AND VASCULARIZATION, with attention to the localization and relationships that the organs take with each other and with the surrounding structures.
TRAINING IN HUMAN ANATOMY
The module is divided into a series of small group exercises where the student can approach directly the study of the organs discussed during the lectures. At the same time starting from a clinical question it will be discussed the concepts acquired concerning the organs and systems involved in the example.
TRAINING IN TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
The module is divided into a series of small group exercises where the student can approach directly the study of the central and peripheral nervous system discussed during the lectures. At the same time starting from a clinical question it will be discussed the concepts acquired concerning the organs and systems involved in the example.

Extended Syllabus

NEUROANATOMY I
Development of the SNC

Introduction to the nervous system:
a) Neuron, nerve fiber, inhibitory and excitatory synapses, nerve impulse and integration of the nervous impulse, classification of neurons; ganglia, nerves, nuclei and columns.
b) General organization and subdivisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral nervous system; somatic and visceral nervous system; concept of sensory and motor pathway,

Peripheral receptors.

Spinal cord:
a) Macroscopic and topographic anatomy
b) metamericic organization.
c) Real and apparent origin of spinal nerves, innervation territories.
d) Antomeric bases of reflexes.
e) medullary lesions and degenerative diseases

Encefalic trunk:
a) External and internal morphology of elongated marrow, bridge and midbrain;
b) Fourth ventricle
c) Clinical notes

Cerebellum
a) Macroscopic and microscopic structure
b) Connections and functions

Brain:
a) Diencephalon:
Organization; morphology and connections of:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- subtalamo
- metatalamo
- epitalamo.
b) Third ventricle

c) Telencephalon:
Surface (fissures, furrows and convolutions); cortical areas and their functional significance, microscopic structure, limbic system, nucleus of the telencephalon, white matter of the telencephalon (semi-oval center and internal capsule, external and extreme, commessural formations).
d) Side ventricles
NEUROANATOMY II
Meninges:
a) dura mater and venous sinuses
b) arachnoid, subarachnoidal space, arachnoidal granulations
c) pia mater, corioidea and corioid villi
d) rachidian mullet liquid

Vascularization of s.n.c .:
a) a. internal carotid and its branches; breast and glomus carotid.
b) a. vertebral and its branches
c) Willis polygon.
d) Spraying of the spinal cord and the cerebellum; e) notes on venous circulation.

Sensitive ways:
via spino-bulb-thalamus-cortical, spino-thalamus-cortical route,
via trigeminale, via optic, via vestibolare, via acoustics, via gustativa, via olfattiva

Somatic motorways:
corticospinal and corticonuclear pathways
motor control systems: via porico-strio-thalamus-cortical and via portico -ponto cerebello-cortical thalamus
complementary and accessory motor pathways to pyramidal pathways;
extrapyramidal circuits.

Olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve: course
Eye and optic nerve
Ear and state-acoustic nerve
Brain nerves:
a) Hypoglossal nerve, course and branches
b) Accessory Nerve
c) Vague nerve, course and branches
d) glossopharyngeal nerve, course and branches
e) Facial nerve, course and branches
f) Trigeminal nerve course and branches
g) Nervous abducens, trochlear and oculomotor.

Spinal nerves:
a) Cervical plexus and its branches
b) Brachial plexus and its branches
c) Lumbar plexus and its branches
d) Sacral plexus and its branches

Visceral nervous system:
organization. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, metasympathetic
visceral sensory system, visural pain and reported pain
Sympathetic and parasympathetic viscoeffector system
CLINICAL ANATOMY
Clinical Anatomy module

Surface anatomy of the quadrants:
-thoracic
-abdominal
-pelvic
-back
Topographic limits and implications in the maneuvers linked to the investigations of manual semeiotics.
Simplified clinical cases (Case Reports)
Elements of radiological anatomy.
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
INTRODUCTION TO SPLANCNOLOGY

-Regional bodies and related splanchnic cavities; concept of viscera; general structure of the viscera

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND ITS VASCULARIZATION

-Function and general organization.
- Oral cavity and major salivary glands
a) Limits and subdivision of the oral cavity
b) Tongue
c) Isthmus of the jaws
d) Parotid gland and parotid lodge
e) Submandibular gland and submandibular loggia
f) Sublingual gland
-pharynx and esophagus
Abdominal organs of the digestive system:
a) Stomach
b) Intestine
c) Liver and biliary ways
d) Pancreas
-Portal circulation
-The peritoneum

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ITS VASCULARIZATION

-Function and general organization
-Nasal cavities
-Larynx
-Trachea and large bronchi
-Lung
-Pleura
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND ITS VASCULARIZATION
-Meaning and general organization
-Structure and ratios of the following glands:
a) Pituitary gland
b) thyroid
c) parathyroids
d) adrenal glands
e) endocrine pancreas.

URINARY SYSTEM AND ITS VASCULARIZATION
-Function and general organization
-Kidney
-Charts on the urinary tract
-Bladder
-Urethra

MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM AND VASCULARIZATION
-Meaning and general organization
- Ovary and testis
-Notes on the male and female genital tracts
-Uterus
-Prostate
TRAINING IN HUMAN ANATOMY
Practical theoretical exercises related to:
-Respiratory Tract
-Digestive system
- Urinary tract
-Peritoneum
TRAINING IN TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Practical theoretical exercises related to:
External brain morphology
Spinal cord external morphology.
Brachial plexus
Cervical plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

Recommended Bibliography

Books and references:
• Trattato di Anatomia Umana EDIERMES (tre volumi)
• Atlante di Anatomia Umana Netter Ed. Masson
• Atlante di Anatomia Umana EDIERMES

Teaching Methods

Frontal lessons stimulating interactivity through classroom discussion of the topics addressed, Case reports and theoretical practical exercises in small groups.
Frontal lessons carried out with the aid of electronic devices and a multimedia classroom equipped with a virtual dissection table.
In the event of health emergency, the lessons will be held on a digital platform indicated by the University (Teams or similar).

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

Credits are gained once the student has passed the exam. The exam is an oral test designed to verify the results of the expected learning, according to with the educational and specific objectives of the course. The oral exam takes place at the end of the course, once the student has achieved at least 70% of the attendance. The exam will be carried out according to a schedule established and published on the personal page of the student at the beginning of the academic year. For the off-course student, additional ad hoc examess are planned. The outcome of the test is evaluated as the result of learning at the specific training objectives, such as knowledge and understanding, ability to integrate logic and application of skills in hypothetical scenarios (case reports). At the end of the test a judgment is formulated that can be summarized using scores in thirtieths:

A) excellent knowledge and understanding of the subjects, reasoning skills and logical integration of the acquired knowledge and insertion in the context of a clinical application. Rating: 30/30.
If at the same time the student demonstrates autonomy of judgment, high communication skills will be proposed with praise.
B) Good knowledge and understanding of the topics with some non-serious inaccuracies and with good capability for logical integration, judgment and application to clinical practice. Rating: 27-29 / 30
C) Discrete knowledge and understanding of the topics with some gaps in the ability to integrate and apply knowledge. Rating: 24-26 / 30
D) Knowledge and understanding of the arguments fully sufficient, although with some gaps, which are reflect in a reduced ability of integration and application. Rating: 21-23 / 30
E) Knowledge and understanding of the topics with obvious gaps. Just sufficient integrative and applicative skills of the concepts learned. Rating: 18-20 / 30
F) Knowledge and understanding of the topics with serious and obvious gaps, with limited integrative and applicative skills. Rating: Rejected

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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