General concept of health, disease and homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathogenic factors. The environment as a cause of illness: pathology from physical, chemical and biological agents. Radiation disorders, immediate and late effects; electric currents, high and low temperatures: heat stroke, burns; freezing. Trauma disorders.
-Cellular adaptation: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, aplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia.Cell death. Apoptosis. Characteristics and phases of necrosis. Types of coagulative necrosis, colliquative, caseous, fibrinoid).
-Inflammation. Angioflogosis: phases and evolution (vascular changes, cellular events, chemical mediators). Exudate. Histoflogosis: phases and evolution. Granulomas. Systemic manifestations of inflammation. Regeneration, repair (granulation tissue, scar tissue) and wound healing.
-Immunology and Immunopathology. Non-specific and specific immunity. Mechanisms of the humoral and cell-mediated response (antibodies, antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, complement). Hypersensitivity reactions of type I, II, III and IV and related diseases.
-Oncology. Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms. Classification criteria for neoplasms. Definition of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Tumor growth biology: cell differentiation, tumor progression, invasiveness and metastasis.
Environmental carcinogenesis. Starting and promoting agents. Phases of carcinogenesis.