General Etiology. Concepts of disease and pathological state. Etiology and pathogenesis. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease.
Genetic and Molecular Pathology. Classification of the nuclear genome diseases: chromosomal, monogenic and complex traits (polygenic multifactorial). Imprinting, uniparental disomy and epigenetic effects. Mosaicism. Mitochondrial genome diseases. Sickle-cell anaemia model. G6PD deficiency. Atherosclerosis as a model of a complex trait disease: pathogenesis, risk factors and prevention. Monogenic and polygenic familial hypercholesterolemia. Physiopathology of the carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes, features of the common polygenic and multifactorial forms. Monogenic forms of diabetes.
Diseases due to physical and chemical agents. Radiations, Heat: malignant hyperthermia, heatstroke, burns. Cold exposure and freezing.
Diseases due to biological agents. Diseases due to endotoxins and esotoxins. Infections due to pyogenic bacteria. Salmonellae typhi. Tuberculosis. Syphilis. Varicella-zoster virus. Infectious mononucleosis. HSV I and HSVII. Viral hepatitis, acute and chronic.
Inflammation. Causes of inflammation. Plasma- and tissue-derived mediators of inflammation. Cells in acute and chronic inflammation. Blood count and white blood cell count. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Differences between acute and chronic inflammations. Granulomatous and interstitial chronic inflammation. Outcome of inflammatory processes.
Physiopathology of thermoregulation and fever. Thermoregulation. Causes of fever. Pathological modifications of the body temperature. Morphology of the thermal curve.
Immunology. Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. Subclasses of T- and B-lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The complement system. The immune response. The main antigen-antibody reactions. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity diseases. Drug hypersensitivity: cross-reactions.
Oncology. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Histological classification and main morphological features of human benign and malignant tumors. Acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia. Lymphoma. Plasmacytoma. In situ carcinoma. Mechanisms and ways of metastasization. Chemical carcinogenesis. UV radiation carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation carcinogenesis. Steps of carcinogenesis. Tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Initiating and promoting compounds, including drugs. Biological agents and cancer. Viral carcinogenesis. Tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses. Acute and chronic transforming viruses. Viral oncogens. Oncogens, tumor suppressors and genes responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity and for DNA repair. Genetics of the familial and hereditary neoplasia: HNPCC, Xeroderma pigmentosum, APC, MUTYH, retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Physiopathology of blood. Blood count and white blood cell composition. Anaemia: general features, classification, hereditary and acquired causes.
