General Etiology. Concepts of disease and pathological state. Etiology and
pathogenesis. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease.
Environmental factors of diseases
Physical agents - Diseases due to the transfer of electrical, electromagnetic,
thermal and mechanical energy. Acute whole-body irradiation. Burns,
hyperthermia, hypothermia.
Chemical agents – Diseases due to xenobiotics, endocrine disruptors,
environmental pollutants in air, water, and soil (atmospheric particulate matter,
heavy metals, dioxins, benzene, IPA, plastics and plasticizers, pesticides),
tobacco, alcohol.
Biological agents - Diseases due to toxins, viruses, bacteria, fungi and
mycotoxins. Examples of diseases due to biological agents: Pyogenic bacterial
infections. Salmonella typhi. Varicella-Zoster. Infectious mononucleosis. HPV.
Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Prion diseases. Recycling and transmissible
diseases.
Inflammation. Causes of inflammation. Cells in acute and chronic
inflammation. Blood count and white blood cell composition. Plasma- and cellderived
mediators of inflammation. White blood cell composition. Differences
between acute and chronic inflammations. Exudation: different types of
exudate. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Granulomatous chronic inflammation.
Outcome of inflammatory processes.
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation and fever. Thermoregulation.
Causes of fever. Pathological modifications of the body temperature.
Pyrogens. Morphology of the thermal curve, types of fever: continuous,
remitting and intermittent.
Diseases due to the interaction between environmental and genetic
factors. Models of hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by drugs, Hb Zurich
and G6PD deficiency. Atherosclerosis: pathogenesis, risk factors and
prevention. Main forms of systemic arterial hypertension.
Hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes, characteristics and pathophysiology of
common forms with polygenic and multifactorial inheritance. Obesity,
definition, etiological classification, complications. Metabolic syndrome.
Immunology. Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune
system. Subclasses of T- and B-lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility
complex (MHC). The complement system. The immune response. The main
antigen-antibody reactions. Environmental factors, immediate and delayed
hypersensitivity diseases.
Environmental factors and cancer. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia,
dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Histological
classification and main morphological features of human benign and malignant
tumors. Stadiation. Mechanisms and ways of metastatization. Chemical
carcinogenesis. UV radiation carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation
carcinogenesis. Steps of carcinogenesis. Tumor initiation, promotion and
progression. Initiating and promoting compounds, including drugs. Pollution
and cancer risk. Recycling and cancer risk. Biological agents and cancer. Viral
carcinogenesis. Tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses. Oncogenes, tumor
suppressors and genes responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity
and for DNA repair.
Teratogenesis. Physical, chemical, environmental teratogens. Teratogenesis
due to nutritional deficiencies.
Pathophysiology of blood. Blood count. Anemia: general features,
classification, hereditary and environmental causes. Hemostasis: etiological
classification and pathophysiology. Shock: etiological classification and
pathophysiology.
