During the course the following topics will be addressed:

-1 The prehistory of political economy (Because it is about prehistory, Classical antiquity, The Patristic, The Scholastica, Usury and the right price, Bullionists and mercantilists, The birth of economic thought in Italy: Antonio Serra);

- 2 William Petty and the birth of political economy (Life and works, The method, National state and economic system, Goods and market, Surplus, distribution, prices);

- 3 From the political body to the economic tables (The debates of the time, - John Locke, The motivations and results of human action, Bernard de Mandeville, Richard Cantillon, François Quesnay and the physiocrats,
The political economy of the Enlightenment; Turgot, The Italian Enlightenment; Abbot Galiani, - The Scottish Enlightenment; Francis Hutcheson and David Hume);

- 4 From the political body to the economic tables (The debates of the time, John Locke, The motivations and results of human action, Bernard de Mandeville, Richard Cantillon, François Quesnay and the physiocrats, The political economy of the Enlightenment; Turgot, The Italian Enlightenment; Abbot Galiani, The Scottish Enlightenment; Francis Hutcheson and David Hume);

-5 Adam Smith (Life and works, The method, The morality of sympathy,
The wealth of nations, Value and prices, Natural prices and market prices, The origin of the division of labor: Smith and Pownall, Liberalism and liberalism: the
Smith's luck);
-6 Economists at the time of the French Revolution (The perfectibility of human societies, between utopias and reforms, Malthus and the population principle, Say's law, Theories of underconsumption: Malthus and Sismondi, The debate on laws on the poor, The Colonization Debate, Bentham's Utilitarianism);

-7 David Ricardo (Life and works, Ricardo's dynamic vision,
From the 'wheat model' to the theory of labor-value, absolute value and exchange value. The invariable measure of value, Money, International trade and comparative cost theory, The machines: technological change and employment);

-8 The 'Ricardians' and the decline of Ricardism (An overview, Robert Torrens, Samuel Bailey, Thomas De Quincey and John Ramsay McCulloch, The Ricardian Socialists and Cooperativism, William Nassau Senior and the anti-Ricardian reaction, Charles Babbage, John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill's Political Economy);

- 9 Karl Marx (Life and Works, The Critique of the Division of Labor:
alienation and commodity fetishism, The critique of capitalism
and exploitation, Accumulation and expanded reproduction, The laws of movement of capitalism, The
transformation of labor-values ​​into production prices, A critical evaluation, Marxism after Marx);

- 10 The marginalist revolution:
the subjective theory of value (The marginalist revolution: an overview, The precursors: the balance between scarcity and demand, William Stanley Jevons, The Jevonsian revolution, Real cost and opportunity cost);

-11 The Austrian school and its surroundings (Carl Menger, The debate on method, Max Weber, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Knut Wicksell and the Swedish school, Friedrich von Hayek);

-12 The general economic equilibrium (The 'invisible hand' of the market, Léon Walras, Vilfredo Pareto and the 'Lausanne school', Irving Fisher,
The debate on the existence, uniqueness and stability of the balance);

- 13 Alfred Marshall (Life and works, The background, The "Principles", The professionalization of economic studies, Monetary theory: from the old to the new Cambridge school, The developments of Marshall's thought in Italy and in the States
United, Thorstein Veblen and institutionalism, Economics of welfare and imperfect competition);

-14 John Maynard Keynes (Life and Works, Probability and Uncertainty, Il
«Treatise on money», From «Treatise» to «Theory
general ", The" General Theory ", The asymmetries of economic policy in an open economy and institutions
internationals, Michał Kalecki, The new Cambridge school);

-15 Joseph Schumpeter (Life and works, The method, From statics to
dynamic; the cycle, The collapse of capitalism, The path of economic science);

- 16 Piero Sraffa (First writings: money and banks, The criticisms of the Marshallian theory, The imperfect competition and the
of the representative enterprise, Cambridge: Wittgenstein and Keynes, The critical edition of Ricardo's writings, "Production of commodities by means of commodities", The critique of
marginalist theory, The Sraffian schools);

-17 The age of disintegration (From one side of the Atlantic to the other, The new foundations: general equilibrium with expected utility, The paradoxes of behavior and the "behavioral economics", The 'low-level theory': macroeconomics and theory of growth, The new theories of the firm, Econometrics ed
theoretical empiricism, evolution and institutionalism, economics and ethics).